Antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels correlate independently with polycystic ovaries and ovarian hyperandrogenism. AMH levels in PCOS overlap those in volunteers with normal-variant polycystic ovaries. Only substantial AMH elevations are diagnostic of PCOS.

In a cross-sectional study of women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity but not PCOS affected the expression of adipose expression and plasma levels of adipocytokines.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are positively correlated with serum antim€ullerian hormone levels in latereproductive-aged women (40 years old).

H19 imprinted control region methylation levels significantly increased in vitrified two-cell embryos and their derived blastocysts; 5-aza-dC significantly reduced H19 imprinted control region methylation and increased H19 expression in blastocysts derived from vitrified embryos.

Methotrexate toxicity causes diminished tubal smooth muscle contractility, probably due to decreased population of t-ICC, which may be new potential targets for a variety of dysfunctional tubal motility diseases.

Metformin activates adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) in rat ovarian thecainterstitial cells and subsequently inhibits cell proliferation and insulin-induced mitogenic signaling pathways.

Oocyte spontaneous activation, an irregularity of the cell cycle that can lead to ovarian teratomas, has genetic variation among inbred mouse strains, and is sensitive to the culture environment.

Sirt1 plays protective roles and promotes steroidogenesis in Leydig cells through its anti-inflammatory actions and coactivation of SF-1.

This is a review of current rodent models used to investigate PCOS, including steroid-induced, pre- and postnatal, and genetic spontaneous models, in relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors, and the potential use of these models in understanding the etiology of cardiovascular disease in PCOS.

The profibrotic response of transforming growth factor (TGF) b3 in fibroid cells is mediated by Smad-dependent and Smad-independent PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits TGF-b3 profibrotic effects in fibroid cells by ameliorating both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways.

Human oocytes can be infected with HIV via ICSI when high amounts of virus are injected, but the chances that an infection will occur in a clinical setting are less than 0.00002%.

The mitochondrial OXPHOS function in the granulosa luteal cells is unaffected by aging or diminishment of the ovarian response.

Male cystinosis patients are infertile. Male Ctns-/- mice (cystinosis mouse model) showed normal fertility compared with wild-type mice (measured by litter size). Also, histology of testes and epididymis as well as sperm analysis were similar in both groups.

Selective recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) evaluation, which is based upon chromosome testing of the second miscarriage, is a cost-saving strategy for couples with RPL when compared with universal RPL evaluation.

Genetic analysis of the products of conception may provide substantial net economic benefits in evaluation of recurrent pregnancy loss.

In preimplantation embryos, the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities due to a previous aneuploid miscarriage is significantly higher than in the control group of fertile couples who underwent preimplantation genetic screening for sex-linked diseases.

We discuss how ovarian reserve is already reduced in young female lymphoma patients before the start of chemotherapy.

This study showed half of the women treated with ultrasound-guided drainage for tubo-ovarian abscess in combination with antibiotics were later able to conceive naturally.

Lower estradiol production and P450 aromatase messenger RNA expression of cultured granulosa cells were found in women with endometriosis, but letrozole in the conditioned media further reduced these parameters.

Infertile women with endometriosis have an altered balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities that may have an impact on folliculogenesis and adequate embryo development.

Gene networks that regulate prostaglandin and cortisol synthesis are altered in endometriosis, and the proinflammatory milieu of an endometriotic lesion perturbs cortisol synthesis and action.

Among women undergoing ART, overweight and obesity were related to lower live birth rates. Short-term weight loss was related to higher MII yield but unrelated to clinical outcomes.

Patients with a BMI over 30 have up to 68% lower odds of having a live birth following their first ART cycle.

Twin gestations after fertility treatments are associated significantly with older age, higher prematurity rate, cesarean delivery, and more obstetric complications when compared with those conceived spontaneously.

We present a case of cervical heterotopic pregnancy that was managed successfully, and we review the existing literature on this topic.

Routine measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine levels may not be necessary before instituting a single-dose methotrexate protocol for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy.

This study demonstrated zona pellucida thickness is not influenced by women's age or hormonal levels and is not a good predictive indicator for IVF clinical outcomes.

In vitro fertilization patients have inherently different risks of multiple birth, even when DET is specified, and this personalized risk can be reliably predicted.

Among couples previously treated by IVF, one in five has a live birth following a spontaneous pregnancy. This should give hope to unsuccessfully treated couples, especially young couples with unexplained infertility.

This retrospective longitudinal study of U.S. assisted reproductive technology clinics found no association between clinic success rates and cycle volume despite public reporting and patient utilization of clinic performance data.

Blastocyst intrafallopian transfer is a feasible option in cases of repeated difficult ETs, regardless of whether the patient shows cervical adhesions or any type of genital malformations.

Therapy with 2.5 mg letrozole or 1 mg anastrazole daily, in cases of infertile men with low T/E2 ratios, leads to a significant increase of T/E2 ratio, ejaculate volume, sperm motility, and total motile sperm count.

Assessing complete AZFa deletion is important in azoospermic men, but routine assessment of either USP9Y or DDX3Y microdeletions is unjustified, owing to their rarity and inconsistent impact on spermatogenesis.

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The ethical considerations of providing fertility treatment to patients when the prognosis is very poor or futile are discussed.

All IVF programs and clinics should have plans for protection of fresh and cryopreserved human tissue and continuation of patient care in the event of an emergency or natural disaster.

A discussion is presented about the suitability of donors who have received the smallpox vaccine.

Inflammatory events are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and preterm birth, and a clinical correlation is suggested.

Endometriosis increases the risk of several pregnancy complications; some are caused by ectopic lesions, whereas others may reflect the impact of an adverse uterine environment on placenta formation.

We discuss how current therapies for dysfunctional reproductive tissues are often not adequate, and the study of the tissue engineering strategies designed to repair or replace damaged organs.