Clinical application of uterus transplantation requires a full discussion of the medical, ethical, and social problems before its use in patients.

A sperm forward motility–stimulating protein was purified from goat serum and characterized. The research provides a potential nonsteroidal biomolecule and its antibody that may solve some global reproductive problems.

Natural male aging negatively affects both in vivo and in vitro reproductive outcomes in an outbred murine model.

Vitrification does not significantly affect the methylation patterns of the CpG islands in the Dnmt1o, Hat1, and Hdac1 promoters in mouse metaphase II oocytes, but reduces expression of Dnmt1o mRNA.

Human ovarian follicles express resistin, which decreases insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-induced steroid production, P450scc and P450 aromatase protein levels, and IGF-I receptor signaling pathways in primary human granulosa cells.

Mitochondria are significantly activated in growthrestricted fetuses, which may be a response to adverse intrauterine environments rather than to genetic factors.

Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced RANTES production by estrogen receptor b agonist diarylpropionitrile in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 may be mediated via repression of nuclear factor kB activation.

Diabetes induces oxidative DNA damage in the corpus cavernosum. Angiotensin-(1–7), a counter-regulator of angiotensin II signaling, significantly attenuates DNA damage and structural changes in the corpus cavernosum.

In subfertile women with anovulation we evaluated the prevalence of additional fertility-reducing factors and the diagnostic and prognostic capacity of fertility tests.

Caucasian and Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome living in the same geographic region have a similar prevalence of hirsutism and other markers for androgen excess.

Below the age of 40, women with polycystic ovary syndrome have higher clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates after in vitro fertilization compared with women with tubal factor infertility. After 40, despite a higher oocyte yield, there is no difference in pregnancy outcomes.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of limbic activation with emotional processing differed between healthy women and women with insulinresistant polycystic ovary syndrome.

There is increasing awareness of the importance of endometrial development in infertile patients. In a large unexplained infertility population, we describe the factors affecting adverse endometrial development during IUI cycles.

Several factors, such as genetic, epigenetic, steroids, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix components, have been identified in myometrial and leiomyoma biology that are hereby reviewed and discussed.

Clinical-grade vitrification of human ovarian tissue in fertility preservation, with the use of only one permeating cryoprotectant, ethylene glycol, in a closed system results in intact follicular ultrastructure.

Several phthalates but not bisphenol A were associated with incident endometriosis in the population cohort, whereas two phthalates emerged in sensitivity analyses for the operative cohort

In this systematic meta-analysis of both cohort and case-control studies, published through September 2012, we found an increased risk for cancer among children born after fertility treatment.

Among twin pregnancies, maternal chronic disease was associated with additional risk of earlier delivery and cesarean section after spontaneous labor, but not with other obstetric complications.

Leptin and its receptor (ObR) are induced in ovarian endometriomas. There was positive correlation between ObR and adiponectin expression. The leptin-ObR system was associated with adiponectin gene expression in endometriotic cells.

Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 and decrease in tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) 1 were associated with poor IVF outcome in women with endometriosis. Progesterone supplementation following IVF improved the MMP-9/TIMP-1 imbalance significantly in these women.

In women with endometriosis and pain in the anterior-lateral part of the thigh, neurologic examination and skin biopsy could be an important way to diagnose nerve invasion, guiding suitable treatments.

Vanishing twins demonstrate significantly lower early b-hCG level increases than normal singleton or twin pregnancies; increases, however, are within clinically normal limits. Abnormal early b-hCG level increases should not be attributed to a vanishing twin.

Impaired prolactin (PRL) expression in samples from miscarriages and the particular expression of the proinflammatory cytokines suggest the pivotal role of PRL in vital pregnancies, reciprocally affected by interleukin-2 expression.

The Blastocyst Euploid Selective Transfer (BEST) Trial demonstrated that single euploid blastocyst transfer results in ongoing pregnancy rates that are equivalent to transferring two untested blastocysts, while dramatically reducing the risk of multiple gestations.

In patients undergoing IVF, oocyte retrieval compared with intrauterine insemination conversion is associated with superior pregnancy rates in the setting of at least two follicles.

Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) should be considered regardless of the expected testicular histopathology. The chance of finding sperm by TESE decreases with each successive TESE procedure.

Investigation of 39 men with idiopathic infertility revealed a heterozygous partial deletion of the CLCA4 gene in one patient with cryptozoospermia, making CLCA4 a novel candidate gene for male factor infertility.

Similar fertilization and pregnancy rates were found in ICSI cycles involving men with markedly high DNA damage (DNA fragmentation index >50) compared with healthy men and controlled for partner variables.

We assessed sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) at different time periods before ICSI, and found DNA fragmentation significantly decreased after gradient and samples with TUNEL >20% were more susceptible to a significant increase over time.

This prospective study suggests that intracytoplasmicmorphologically selected sperm injection is effective in patients with severe teratozoospermia but unsuccessful in patients with repeated intracytoplasmic sperm injection failure in the absence of severe male factor.

Reflections on “Current status of uterus transplantation in primates and issues for clinical application” by Kisu et al.

Reflections on “Evaluation of diagnostic testis biopsy and the repetition of testicular sperm extraction surgeries in infertility patients” by Hussein et al.

Reflections on “Aging sperm negatively impacts in vivo and in vitro reproduction: a longitudinal murine study” by Katz-Jaffe et al.

This document discusses the ethical considerations of performing preimplantation genetic diagnosis to deselect embryos for transfer in order to prevent future adult onset conditions in the offspring.

Child rearing ability and the provision of fertility services A committee opinion

This document discusses the ethical implications regarding informing offspring of their conception using gamete or embryo donation.

Conceptions

Androgen secretion during pubertal development is a normal event. Polycystic ovary syndrome may be viewed as a maladaptation of this advantageous process.

Ovarian hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia from insulin resistance, and altered intrafollicular paracrine signaling influence ovarian morphology, follicle survival, and growth as well as oocyte development in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Potential implications of alterations of the Kiss1 system in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome are discussed. The limited experimental and clinical evidence supporting such a role is summarized.