Laparoscopic vaginoplasty using a single peritoneal flap may be a feasible and effective approach to creating a neovagina in patients with MRKH syndrome.

The insertion of an intrauterine balloon and an intrauterine device are of similar efficacy in the prevention of adhesion reformation after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis in Asherman syndrome.

Stro-1/CD44 surface markers were used to isolate and identify human myometrial/fibroid stem cells as demonstrated by their ability to differentiate in vitro and regenerate fibroid-like tissue in vivo.

Drospirenone induces decidualization in human eutopic endometrial stromal cells and reduces DNA synthesis of human endometriotic stromal cells.

Activation of endocannabinoids and overexpression of cannabinoid receptors may be associated with insulin resistance in women with PCOS.

After the first 2 years from menarche, the threshold for increased ovarian size is similar to that reported in adult women.

Women with assisted conception report lower physical and better mental health during pregnancy than women with spontaneous conception; by 4 months postpartum there are no differences in health related quality of life based on mode of conception.

Individualized counseling during the initial infertility visit may improve patient knowledge of infertility treatment thus enabling appropriate patient expectations while also decreasing anxiety and negative appraisals of the treatment experience.

This study investigated ovarian reserve in complete mullerian agenesis (CMA) patients and compared the ovarian reserve of CMA patients with age-matched fertile and infertile controls.

Progesterone receptor-B mRNA levels in leiomyoma tissue are directly associated with the number of tumors and inversely correlated with the intensity of intermenstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea.

This study shows that NR5A1 mutations are a novel cause of severe primary spermatogenic impairment and suggests that isolated cryptorchidism might be another phenotype associated with disruption of NR5A1-mediated pathways.

We found that ADAMTS19 and BMPR2 mutations might be related to premature ovarian failure (POF) pathogenesis. We proposed that heterozygous LHCGR mutations might contribute, with variants in further POF genes, toward premature menopause.

Methylation patterns in tissue from polycystic ovary syndrome were distinguishable from control samples and were associated with promoter class, genomic location, and specific biological networks.

Fertility-sparing surgery was not associated with compromised outcome in this series of 59 patients with advanced borderline ovarian tumor, and it allowed the attainment of 26 live births.

Bibliometric analysis of the most important metrics of publications in reproductive medicine reveals strong growth and maturity in reproductive medicine research.

We conducted a large-sample, historical study and identified a strong, independent, and linear relationship between preconception BP level and PTB in a Chinese rural reproductive-age population of women.

The Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) predicted spontaneous pregnancy after surgery for endometriotic infertile women. Combining surgery and assisted reproductive technologies according to EFI led to a 78% pregnancy rate at 18 months.

We discuss how embryo transfers in cycles without ovarian hyperstimulation are associated with lower rates of ectopic pregnancy compared with fresh autologous cycles, which suggests a difference in the uterine environment.

Coculture biopsy in the cycle preceding IVF does not increase implantation, clinical pregnancy, or live birth rates compared with biopsies performed more than one cycle before IVF.

Leukocytospermia ( 1 106 leukocytes/mL), assessed by flow cytometry, does not significantly influence IVF or ICSI outcomes. The same results were obtained by using lower or higher cut-off values for leukocytospermia (from 0.2 to 2 106/mL).

In singleton births, transferring more embryos was associated with higher plurality at 6 weeks’ gestation, which in turn was associated with significantly greater risks for low birth weight and prematurity.

Assisted hatching alone does not increase the risk of major congenital anomalies.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate is an effective oral alternative for preventing premature luteinizing hormone surge in in vitro fertilization.

The sperm chromatin structure assay and TUNEL assay are moderately correlated measures of sperm DNA integrity but often yield conflicting results. The DNA fragmentation index is well correlated with semen analysis parameters, whereas TUNEL is not.

Men with decreased general health status have lower sperm concentration, lower testosterone levels, and higher follicle-stimulating hormone values. Poorer health status appears associated with a malfunctioning male reproductive system.

Sperm imaging is typically performed using label-based bright-field microscopy, which cannot be used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Interferometric phase microscopy was used to evaluate sperm cell morphology without labeling.

Fertility clinics with the necessary resources to provide care should offer services to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and couples who are willing to use recommended risk-reducing therapies.

This document discusses ethical considerations in the adoption of new technologies and treatments into clinical practice.

Tubal anastomosis was more cost effective than IVF for achieving an ongoing pregnancy in most women less than age 41 years after tubal ligation.

Care for the medically complex woman who desires fertility is an increasingly common event. Deciding when and whether one should proceed to fertility care has implications for the intended parents, the resulting offspring, and the health-care systems that care for these individuals. Significant barriers to assessment and communication with these patients include the patient’s desire to conceive despite major medical concerns, the lack of tools to communicate the risks, and the reluctance of health-care providers to limit access to medically assisted pregnancy.

Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) evolved as a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology to foster expertise in the scientific underpinnings and clinical applications of all reproductive disorders. Indeed, as mandated by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG), graduates of REI fellowships are expected to become experts in diverse areas ranging from the understanding of the complexities of menstrual cycle physiology to dealing with anatomic and functional disorders related to menstrual cyclicity, fertility, and the ability to maintain a pregnancy.

When the subspecialty of reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) was formed within obstetrics and gynecology, the original focus was gynecologic and reproductive issues ranging from puberty through menopause. Expertise in the underpinning and orchestration of the menstrual cycles at the level of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and uterus allowed attention to both conception and contraception. Reproductive endocrinologists were consultants for complex gynecologic conditions such as management of fibroids, endometriosis, and abnormal bleeding, and REI was at the forefront of microsurgical techniques including tubal surgery and surgery to conserve the ovary.

The rules regulating training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility and assisted reproductive technologies vary greatly from country to country. This calls for international standardization, particularly for the training of specialists needed in emerging countries.

The historical development and current status of andrology fellowship training in Europe and the United States are considered, with an eye toward the future of andrology training in both of those regions.

Specialist training in reproductive medicine within Europe continues to evolve. Recent revisions, updates, and initiatives have helped to refine the core educational needs for the specialist trainee.

The certification process for reproductive endocrinology and infertility is maturing in the content of its training programs aimed at improving the reproductive health of all women.

Modalities of training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility, andrology, and assisted reproductive technologies differ among countries. Increasing need for specialists in emerging countries is an occasion for standardizing such training.